Sustained drug release formulations decrease dosing frequencies and simplify dosing regimens, which can improve patient compliance and subsequently reduce resistance development rates from mismanaged drug use (Osterberg and Blaschke 2005 Wang et al. NPs can encapsulate and deliver antimicrobials to improve drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles, ultimately resulting in improved treatment outcomes (Peer et al. Nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as promising tools to help mitigate the rise of antimicrobial resistance (Zhang et al. 2016 Ventola 2015a, b Viswanathan 2014 Wisplinghoff et al. These trends provide the impetus to develop new and improved methods to treat bacterial infections (Holmes et al. While antimicrobial resistance rates have been steadily rising, the development of new drugs has been steadily decreasing. There are over 2 million cases of antibiotic resistant infections in the US each year, causing $20 billion in excess healthcare costs, $35 billion in societal costs, 8 million additional hospitalization days, and 23,000 deaths annually (Centers for Disease and Prevention 2013 World Health Organization 2015). These magnetic and targeted nanoparticles enable new methods to address bacterial infections.īacterial infections are major contributors to morbidity and have become increasingly difficult to manage due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Magnetic manipulation and separation would translate to a platform for pathogen identification or removal. As a proof-of-concept, these particles are used to bind and separate bacteria from solution in a magnetic column. A variety of materials can be encapsulated into the core of the particles, such as optical dyes or iron oxide colloids, to produce imageable and magnetically active bacterial targeting constructs. Particles have tunable surface ligand densities that change particle avidity and binding efficacy. We here present the use of a scalable block-copolymer-directed self-assembly process, Flash NanoPrecipitation, to form zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) modified nanoparticles that bind to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with specificity. In addition, nanoparticles can also be used for novel applications, such as bacterial imaging or bioseperations. Bacteria-targeting nanoparticles hold promise to improve drug efficacy, compliance, and safety. Antimicrobial resistance is a healthcare problem of increasing significance, and there is increasing interest in developing new tools to address bacterial infections.
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